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Objective:To learn about the awareness, education status and willingness of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) among elementary school students in Guizhou Province, and to provide a scientific basis for exploring intervention strategies for health education of iodine deficiency in the future.Methods:From June 2021 to May 2022, each IDD monitoring county was selected from the east, south, west, north and middle directions of Guizhou Province, and one elementary school was selected from each county. All students in two classes of Grade 5 and Grade 6 were selected in whole groups to conduct on-site questionnaire surveys in the form of anonymous examinations. The survey mainly included general demographic information and IDD awareness, education status and willingness, and binary logistic regression was used to analyze the relevant influencing factors.Results:A total of 1 259 elementary school students in Guizhou Province were investigated, the rates of awareness of IDD, acceptance of IDD publicity and education, and willingness to accept IDD publicity and education among elementary school students were 37.7% (1 900/5 036), 25.1% (316/1 259) and 69.6% (876/1 259), respectively. By binary logistic regression analysis, gender, residence, grade and father's education level were the influencing factors of pupils' awareness of iodine deficiency ( P < 0.05); residence, age and father's education level were the influential factors of elementary school students receiving iodine deficiency education ( P < 0.05); gender, residence, ethnicity and whether the child was the only child or not were the influential factors of elementary school students' willingness to accept IDD education ( P < 0.05). Conclusions:The elementary school students in Guizhou Province have insufficient knowledge about IDD. The publicity and education for iodine deficiency prevention is limited, and the students' willingness to learn is not high. The publicity, education and intervention for iodine deficiency prevention among elementary school students should be comprehensively strengthened.
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Objective:To understand the sales characteristics and salt iodine content in urban and rural salt market of Guizhou Province.Methods:In accordance with the "Guizhou Province 2020 Iodine Deficiency Disorders Monitoring Field Technical Guidance Work Program", 14 counties (cities, districts) from 88 counties (cities, districts) of 9 cities (states) in Guizhou Province were selected in August 2020. Each county (city, district) selected the urban area and a representative township, and at least 2 supermarkets were selected from the urban area, and 5 supermarkets or retail stores from the townships as the investigation sites, to collect the label information of all commercially available salt within the scope of investigation. At the same time, salt samples were collected after excluding the same brand, variety, and specification, and salt iodine was detected by redox titration.Results:A total of 107 labels of commercially available salt were collected, involving 21 brands, of which Biyuan brand had the largest number (53 samples, 49.5%) and the widest sales range, involving 12 counties (cities, districts). Salt producing areas came from 13 provinces, and the salt produced in Sichuan Province was the most widely distributed in the surveyed area (36 samples), followed by Chongqing Municipality (17 samples) and Hubei Province (16 samples). There were 19 brands (75 samples) and 7 brands (32 samples) of salt sold in urban and rural areas, respectively, and the main brand was Biyuan, accounting for 38.7% (29/75) and 75.0% (24/32), respectively. There were 8 brands (27 samples) and 16 brands (80 samples) of salt sold in retail stores and supermarkets, respectively, and the main brand was Biyuan, accounting for 66.7% (18/27) and 43.8% (35/80), respectively. Among 107 salt samples, it was found that the labeled iodine content did not meet the Guizhou Province salt iodization implementation standard (21 - 39 mg/kg), and only 39 samples (36.4%) had electronic anti-counterfeiting traceability codes on their labels. After excluding the same brand, variety, and specification, the median salt iodine of the 51 salt samples was 23.6 mg/kg, ranging from 19.2 to 38.1 mg/kg, and 21 - 39 mg/kg accounted for 96.1% (49/51).Conclusions:There are many salt brands sold in urban and rural areas in Guizhou Province, and the electronic traceability platform needs to be improved. Salt iodine is mainly distributed in the low-value area of the standard range, which brings potential risks to the sustainable and effective prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders.
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Objective:To understand the salt sales situation and salt iodine content in the market of Guizhou Province 3 years after the system reform of salt industry.Methods:From August to October 2020, in 9 cities (prefectures) of Guizhou Province, 2 counties (cities and districts) were selected from each city (prefecture), 1 urban area and 1 township were selected from each county (city and district), 1 large supermarket and 1 farmers' market were selected in the urban area, and 1 small supermarkets or convenience stores were selected in the township, to check the varieties, place of origin and iodine content label on the package of salt sold, and different brands of salt were collected and sent to the provincial and county salt iodine laboratories. The iodine content was determined and analyzed.Results:A total of 18 large supermarkets, 18 farmers' markets and 18 small supermarkets or convenience stores were investigated, and 70 salt samples of 23 brands, 3 types and origin from 11 provinces were collected. Among them, there were 56 samples with iodine content of 21 - 39 mg/kg on the package. The iodine content range of provincial detection was 19.23 - 37.41 mg/kg (two of them were lower than 21.0 mg/kg), and the median was 25.75 mg/kg. There were 12 samples of two iodine contents (18 - 33 and 21 - 39 mg/kg) marked on the package, and the salt iodine range of provincial detection was 23.52 - 32.90 mg/kg, with a median of 26.55 mg/kg. One sample was marked with 18 - 33 mg/kg, and the iodine content of provincial detection was 25.20 mg/kg; the iodine content of 1 sample of non-iodized salt was not detected. According to the actual test value, iodine contents of 68 samples were within the range of packaging marks, accounting for 97.14% of the total. Taking the provincial test results as a standard, the absolute value of the relative deviation of the provincial and county test results was 0 - 27.45%, the average deviation was 7.65%, and the coincidence rate was 91.43% (66/70). The county test results were acceptable.Conclusions:After the system reform of salt industry, there are many kinds of salt which come from many provinces, and more than 97% of the salt iodine content which is within the standard range of salt concentration in Guizhou Province.
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Objective To understand the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level of neonates and iodine nutritional status of pregnant women and children in Guizhou Province.Metheds From 2016 to 2017,a city (district,county) in government location in Guizhou Province was selected as the urban survey site,and a county (city,district) whose economy was relatively backward and farther from the city (prefecture) in government location was selected as the rural survey site.In each survey site,300 salt samples were collected for determination of salt iodine;300 blood samples in the heel of neonates after birth 72 hours were taken for measurement of TSH.The Wodd Health Organization,United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund,and the International Committee for the Control of Iodine Deficiency (WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD) recommend that when the proportion of neonates (TSH levels ＞ 5 mU/L) is ＜ 3％,the area is non-iodine-deficient.In other words,the 97th percentile (P97) value should be ≤5 mU/L.The normal reference value of the kit is ≤9 mU/L.And urinary iodine of 150 children aged 8-10 and 150 pregnant women was determined.Results A total of 5 400 edible salt samples were tested,the median of salt iodine was 27.9 mg/kg,and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 94.89％ (5 124/5 400);5 400 neonatal heel blood samples were collected,the median of TSH was 2.62 mU/L,TSH P97 was 6.91 mU/L,and samples proportion with TSH ＞ 5 mU/L was 10.67％ (576/5 400),and ＞ 9 mU/L (the cut-off value of kit) was 1.00％ (54/5 400).Among 3 588 cases of children aged 8 to 10 years,the median of urinary iodine was 212.3 μg/L,those with urinary iodine ＜ 50 μg/L was 2.81％ (101/3 588),and ＜ 100 μg/L was 12.76％ (458/3 588).Among the 2 695 pregnant women,the median of urinary iodine was 163.1 μg/L,and 44.04％ (1 187/2 695) were ＜ 150 μg/L.Conclusions The quality of iodized salt is stable in Guizhou,the iodine nutrition status of children and pregnant women are good.The neonatal TSH and nutritional status of pregnant women should be monitored in the future.
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Objective To investigate the value of platelet, serum sodium and serum creatinine levels in the prognosis of patients with liver failure. Methods The clinical data of 155 patients with liver failure were retrospectively analyzed, and the patients were divided into improvement survival group (87 cases) and deterioration died group (68 cases) according to the prognosis. The hospitalization time of every patient was divided into 4 roughly equal time period, and observed at 5 points of time:T1-T5. The levels and abnormal rates of platelet, serum sodium and serum creatinine were compared. Results The T3 - T5 serum creatinine levels in deterioration died group were significantly higher than those in improvement survival group: (102.14 ± 75.67) μmol/L vs. (78.21 ± 26.68) μmol/L, (116.45 ± 110.64)μmol/L vs. (78.77 ± 29.25) μmol/L, (161.43 ± 153.23) μmol/L vs. (76.40 ± 27.26) μmol/L, and the T1 - T5 serum sodium and platelet levels were significantly lower than those in improvement survival group:(135.05 ± 6.24) mmol/L vs. (137.52 ± 5.26) mmol/L, (137.01 ± 4.99) mmol/L vs. (139.00 ± 3.89) mmol/L, (134.80 ± 16.74) mmol/L vs. (139.15 ± 3.77) mmol/L, (134.40 ± 11.69) mmol/L vs. (138.30 ± 8.75) mmol/L, (133.30 ± 8.93) mmol/L vs. (139.01 ± 9.10) mmol/L, and (122.46 ± 72.59) × 109/L vs. (149.70 ± 71.70) ×109/L, (110.18 ± 65.10) × 109/L vs. (152.09 ± 82.79) ×109/L, (107.32 ± 70.49) ×109/L vs. (169.32 ± 100.65) ×109/L, (97.06 ± 58.15) ×109/L vs. (183.57 ± 112.68) ×109/L, (94.66 ± 57.00) × 109/L vs. (191.36 ± 118.64) ×109/L, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05). The abnormal rates of T3-T5 serum creatinine, T2 - T5 serum sodium and T1 - T5 platelet in deterioration died group were significantly higher than those in improvement survival group, the serum creatinine: 22.06%(15/68) vs. 6.90% (6/87), 27.49% (19/68) vs. 8.05% (7/87) and 42.65% (29/68) vs. 10.34% (9/87), the serum sodium: 32.35% (22/68) vs. 13.79% (12/87), 39.71% (27/68) vs. 14.94% (13/87), 48.53% (33/68) vs. 12.64%(11/87) and 60.29%(41/68) vs. 11.49%(10/87), the platelet:45.59%(31/68) vs. 21.84%(19/87), 55.88% (38/68) vs. 24.14% (21/87), 54.41% (37/68) vs. 25.29% (22/87), 55.88% (38/68) vs. 21.84%(19/87) and 61.76% (42/68) vs. 20.69% (18/87), and there were statistical differences (P<0.05). Abnormal rate of platelet was highest in each time point. Conclusions In the course of pathological changes in deterioration and dead patients, the platelet is the first and most easily affected compare with serum sodium and serum creatinine; the platelet may be a sensitive marker for predicting clinical outcome in patients with liver failure.
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Objective To analyze the Sichuan salt detection ability and the network running situation in different centers for disease control (CDC) laboratories of Guizhou Province,and to provide reliable laboratory quality assurance for iodine deficiency disorders prevention.Methods The examination results of external quality assessment (EQA) were collected in 2012-2016,and the relative error between Sichuan salt and the given reference value was analyzed.The results of Sichuan salt from all laboratories were evaluated in Guizhou Province.Results In 2012-2016,the feedback rate and qualified rate were all 100.00％ of the provincial and 7 municipal laboratories.The range was 0-4.53％ of relative error at provincial level,and the average relative error was 1.46％-5.28％ at prefecture level.At the county level,the feedback rate was 100.00％,and the qualified rate went from 63.64％ in 2012 up to 100.00％ in 2016,the average relative error was 1.65％-12.12％.Conclusions The testing ability at provincial and prefecture level laboratories is relatively stable.The testing ability at the county level laboratories has been significantly improved through national laboratory network operation and sustained technical training,and they could provide reliable laboratory quality in prevention of iodine deficiency disorders.
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Objective To investigate the iodine nutritional status in the populations of Guizhou Province after implementation of a new standard of salt iodine and to provide a basis in formulating strategy for control of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods In 2011 and 2014,30 units were sampled in Guizhou Province using the sampling method of Probability Proportional to Size.One primary school was chosen in each unit,by the randomized sampling method,40 or 50 students in each school were sampled for examining their urinary iodine level and for testing their household salt iodine level;12 and 50 children were chosen before and after the adjustment,respectively,for testing their urinary iodine level;near the location of the primary school,1 township was chosen,15-20 pregnant women in each township were sampled to test their urinary iodine level.Results Totally 1215 salt samples were collected before adjustment,the median of salt iodine was 32.2 mg/kg;consumption rate of qualified salt was 96.63％;totally 364 urine samples of 8-10 children were collected,the median of urinary iodine (MUI)of children was 308.9 μg/L;450 urine samples of pregnant women were sampled,and their MUI was 216.5 μg/L,among these,121 below 150 μg/L,the proportion was 26.9％.Totally 1 538 salt samples were collected after the adjustment,the median of salt iodine was 26.6 mg/kg;consumption rate of qualified salt was 96.40％;totally 1538urinary samples of 8-10 children were collected,the MUI of children was 218.3 μg/L;and 601 urinary samples of pregnant women were collected,the MUI was 175.1μg/L,among these,241 below 150 μg/L,the proportion was 40.1％.As can be seen from the results,the percentage of sample below 150 μg/L after the adjustment was increased to 13.2％ compared to that before the adjustment,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =19.89,P ＜0.01).Conclusion After implementation of a new standard of salt iodine in Guizhou Province,the iodine nutrition is suitable in residents,but the iodine nutrition of pregnant women is in a trend of declining,which should be noticed.